@font-face{font-family:Manrope;font-style:normal;font-weight:200 800;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/fonts/manrope-latin.woff2) format("woff2")}
:root{--red:#b52c34;--ink:#111;--text:#333;--muted:#595959;--line:#e5e5e5;--band:#f5f5f5;--max:1200px}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;font-family:Manrope,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--text);background:#fff;line-height:1.6;font-size:16px}
img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
a:hover{color:var(--red)}
ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.wrap{max-width:var(--max);margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}
.sr{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap}
.skip{position:absolute;left:-999px}.skip:focus{left:8px;top:8px;background:#fff;color:var(--ink);padding:10px 14px;z-index:99;outline:2px solid var(--red)}

/* header */
.topbar{background:#000;color:#fff;font-size:13px;font-weight:600}
.topbar .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center;gap:18px;height:40px}
.topbar a:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}
.search{display:flex;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #444;padding-left:16px}
.search input{width:0;opacity:0;border:0;background:transparent;color:#fff;padding:0;transition:width .25s,opacity .25s;font:inherit}
.search:focus-within input,.search:hover input{width:160px;opacity:1;padding:4px 8px;outline:0;border-bottom:1px solid #888}
.search button{background:none;border:0;color:var(--red);cursor:pointer;padding:4px}
.navrow{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:32px;min-height:84px}
.logo{display:block;background:#d9a14b;width:140px;flex:none;margin-left:-20px}
.logo img{width:140px;height:94px;object-fit:cover}
.main-nav{margin-left:auto}
.main-nav ul{display:flex;gap:28px}
.main-nav a{font-weight:700;font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--ink);padding:8px 0;border-bottom:2px solid transparent}
.main-nav a:hover{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)}
.burger{display:none;margin-left:auto;width:44px;height:44px;cursor:pointer;position:relative;background:none;border:0;padding:0}
.burger span,.burger span::before,.burger span::after{content:"";position:absolute;left:7px;width:30px;height:3px;background:var(--ink);top:20px}
.burger span::before{left:0;top:-8px}.burger span::after{left:0;top:8px}
.site-header{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}

/* type + sections */
h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:Manrope,sans-serif;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 .5em}
.sh{font-size:24px;font-weight:800;margin:48px 0 20px;padding-left:12px;border-left:4px solid var(--red)}
.sh-row{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline}
.sh-row .sh{margin-top:0}
.band .sh{margin-top:0}
.viewall{font-weight:700;color:var(--red);font-size:14px}
.center{text-align:center}
.sh.center{border:0;padding:0}
.ph{font-size:36px;font-weight:800;margin:40px 0 24px}
.band{background:var(--band);padding:44px 0;margin-top:48px}
.band.dark{background:#000;color:#fff}.band.dark h2{color:#fff;font-size:28px}
.cat{font-size:12px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;color:var(--red)}
.meta{font-size:13px;color:var(--muted)}
.btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--red);color:#fff;border:0;border-radius:2px;padding:12px 26px;font:600 14px Manrope,sans-serif;cursor:pointer}
.btn:hover{background:#a82a30;color:#fff}

/* cards */
.hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:32px;margin-top:32px}
.card .thumb{display:block;overflow:hidden;background:var(--band)}
.card img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .4s}
.card:hover img{transform:scale(1.03)}
.card .cbody{padding:14px 0}
.card h3{font-size:19px;font-weight:800;margin:6px 0 8px}
.card p{margin:0 0 8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px}

.card.big img{aspect-ratio:16/10}
.side{padding:0 0 18px;margin-bottom:18px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.side:last-child{border:0}
.side .meta{margin-right:10px}
.side h3{font-size:20px;font-weight:800;margin:6px 0}
.side p{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px}
.grid4{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:28px}
.adbar{margin-top:48px}.adbar img{margin:0 auto;border:1px solid var(--line)}
.split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;align-items:center}
.split .sh{margin-top:48px}
.split-img img{width:100%;max-height:420px;object-fit:contain}
.partners{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(7,1fr);gap:16px;align-items:center;margin:0 0 56px}
.partners img{width:100%;filter:grayscale(1);opacity:.75;transition:.3s}
.partners img:hover{filter:none;opacity:1}
.sub{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;justify-content:center;max-width:560px;margin:20px auto 0}
.sub input{flex:1 1 260px;padding:12px 14px;border:0;border-radius:2px;font:inherit}
.sub small{flex-basis:100%;color:#bbb}.sub small a{text-decoration:underline}

/* post */
.post{max-width:820px;padding-top:40px}
.post h1{font-size:40px;font-weight:800;margin:8px 0 10px}
.post .feat{width:100%;margin:24px 0;aspect-ratio:16/9;object-fit:cover}
.post h2{font-size:22px;margin-top:28px}
.bul{list-style:disc;padding-left:22px}.bul li{margin-bottom:8px}
.minis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:28px;margin-bottom:56px}
.mini{border-top:3px solid var(--red);padding-top:12px}
.mini h4{font-size:18px;font-weight:800;margin:6px 0}.mini p{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px}

/* pages */
.prose{max-width:860px;padding-bottom:40px}
.prose h2{font-size:24px;margin-top:32px}
.prose h3{font-size:18px;margin-top:20px}
.prose a:not(.btn){color:var(--red);text-decoration:underline}
.two{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.3fr;gap:48px}
.form{margin-top:20px}
.fld{margin-bottom:16px}
.fld label{display:block;font-weight:600;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:6px;color:var(--ink)}
.fld input,.fld textarea{width:100%;padding:12px;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:2px;font:inherit}
.fld input:focus,.fld textarea:focus{outline:2px solid var(--red);border-color:transparent}
.chk{display:block;margin:0 0 16px;font-size:14px}
.hero-ad{background:linear-gradient(120deg,#111,#3a1014);color:#fff;padding:80px 0;text-align:center}
.hero-ad h1{color:#fff;font-size:40px;font-weight:800;max-width:800px;margin:0 auto 24px}

/* footer */
.site-footer{background:#000;color:#bbb;padding:44px 0 32px;margin-top:0;font-size:14px}
.flinks{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px 28px;justify-content:center}
.flinks a{color:#fff;font-weight:600}.flinks a:hover,.legal a:hover,.linkbtn:hover{color:#ff7a80}
.social{display:flex;gap:18px;justify-content:center;margin:24px 0}
.social a{display:grid;place-items:center;width:36px;height:36px;border:1px solid #444;border-radius:50%;color:#fff}
.social a:hover{background:var(--red);border-color:var(--red);color:#fff}
.legal{max-width:900px;margin:12px auto;text-align:center;font-size:13px}
.legal a{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}

@media(max-width:960px){
.hero,.split,.two{grid-template-columns:1fr}
.grid4{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
.partners{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}
}
@media(max-width:760px){
.navrow{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;min-height:0}
.logo{width:110px}.logo img{width:110px;height:74px}
.js .burger{display:block}
.main-nav{flex-basis:100%;margin:0;order:3}
.js .main-nav{display:none}
.js .main-nav.open{display:block}
.main-nav ul{flex-direction:column;gap:0;padding:8px 0 16px}
.main-nav a{display:block;padding:12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.grid4,.minis{grid-template-columns:1fr}
.partners{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}
.post h1,.hero-ad h1{font-size:28px}
}

/* accessibility */
:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--red);outline-offset:2px}
.topbar :focus-visible,.site-footer :focus-visible,.band.dark :focus-visible,.hero-ad :focus-visible{outline-color:#fff}
#content:focus{outline:0}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,*::before,*::after{transition:none!important;animation:none!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important}}
[hidden]{display:none!important}
.main-nav a[aria-current=page]{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)}
.card img,.feat,.split-img img{height:auto}
.post time,.card time{color:var(--muted)}
.post .lead{font-size:19px;color:var(--ink)}
.search-status{margin:0 0 16px;font-weight:600}
.trap{position:absolute;left:-9999px;width:1px;height:1px;opacity:0}
.form-status{margin:12px 0 0;font-weight:600;min-height:1.5em}
.form-status.ok{color:#1b7a3d}.form-status.err{color:#b3261e}
.band.dark .form-status.ok{color:#7ee2a0}.band.dark .form-status.err{color:#ff9b94}
.linkbtn{background:none;border:0;padding:0;font:inherit;color:#fff;text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer}
.btn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid #fff}
.btn.ghost:hover{background:#fff;color:#000}
.cookie{position:fixed;left:16px;right:16px;bottom:16px;z-index:50;max-width:760px;margin:0 auto;background:#111;color:#fff;border-radius:4px;padding:16px 20px;display:flex;gap:16px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;box-shadow:0 8px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.35);font-size:14px}
.cookie p{margin:0;flex:1 1 280px}.cookie a{text-decoration:underline;color:#fff}
.notfound{text-align:center;padding:96px 0}.notfound h1{font-size:72px;color:var(--red);margin:0}
.btn.ghost-dark{background:transparent;color:var(--ink);border:1px solid var(--ink)}.btn.ghost-dark:hover{background:var(--ink);color:#fff}

/* homepage + headings */
.strap{font-size:18px;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink);margin:24px auto 0}
.card.big h2{font-size:32px;font-weight:800;margin:6px 0 8px}
.grid-auto{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(240px,1fr))}
.tile{aspect-ratio:3/2;display:grid;place-items:center;background:#111;color:#fff;font-weight:800;font-size:20px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em}
.topics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:16px}
.topics a{display:block;padding:18px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--red)}
.topics a:hover{background:var(--band)}
.topics strong{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-size:17px}
.topics span{font-size:13px;color:var(--muted)}
.fine{font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);margin:12px 0 0}
/* always-visible search */
.search input{width:170px;opacity:1;padding:5px 8px;border:1px solid #666;border-radius:2px;background:#111;color:#fff}
.search input::placeholder{color:#bbb}
.search:focus-within input,.search:hover input{width:170px;border-color:#fff}
@media(max-width:760px){.card.big h2{font-size:24px}.search input,.search:focus-within input,.search:hover input{width:120px}}

/* narrow screens: brand name, topic chips, tighter spacing */
.brand,.chips{display:none}
@media(max-width:760px){
.brand{display:block;font-weight:800;font-size:20px;color:var(--ink);margin-left:14px}
.js .burger{margin-left:auto}
.strap{font-size:16px;margin-top:16px}
.chips{display:block;margin-top:12px}
.chips ul{display:flex;gap:8px;overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:6px;scrollbar-width:none}
.chips a{display:block;white-space:nowrap;padding:8px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:999px;font-weight:700;font-size:13px;color:var(--ink)}
.chips a:hover{border-color:var(--red)}
.hero{gap:8px;margin-top:16px}
.card .cbody{padding:10px 0}
.side{padding-bottom:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.sh{margin:32px 0 14px}
.band{padding:32px 0;margin-top:32px}
.grid4{gap:20px}
}

/* subscription page (matches the live layout) */
.page-title{padding:56px 0 48px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin-bottom:48px}
.page-title h1{margin:0;color:var(--red);font-size:48px;font-weight:800}
.two-col{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:start;padding-bottom:64px}
.sub-page .prose-col p{margin-top:0}
.row2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px}
.sub-form{margin-top:0}
.sub-form .fld input{border-radius:999px;padding:14px 18px}
.sub-form .btn{border-radius:999px;padding:14px 28px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.03em}
@media(max-width:760px){.two-col{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px}.row2{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}.page-title{padding:32px 0;margin-bottom:28px}.page-title h1{font-size:36px}}

/* keep the footer at the bottom of the screen on short pages */
body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100vh;min-height:100dvh}
main{flex:1 0 auto}
.site-header,.site-footer{flex:none}

/* ===== home page, matched to the live landing page ===== */
.hero-main .card.big{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 2px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.06)}
.hero-main .card.big .cbody{padding:16px 20px 20px}
.hero-main .card.big img{border-radius:0}
.hero-main .card.big h2 a:hover{color:var(--red)}
.hero-main .card.big time{display:none}
.hero-main .card.big .cbody::after{content:"Full Article →";display:block;margin-top:10px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--red)}
.hero-side .side{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.sec{margin-top:56px}
.sec-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border-top:2px solid var(--red);padding:14px 0 18px;margin-bottom:6px}
.sec-title{margin:0;font-size:26px;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink)}
.sec-title span{color:var(--red)}
.pill{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;background:var(--red);color:#fff;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;border-radius:999px;padding:11px 22px}
.pill:hover{background:#a82a30;color:#fff}

/* latest articles rows */
.rows{margin:0}
.row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.15fr 230px;gap:32px;align-items:center;padding:18px 12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.row h3{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0 12px}
.row p{margin:0;color:var(--muted);font-size:14px}
.row .cat{font-size:14px;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0;font-weight:600}
.row-img{display:block;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden}
.row-img img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16/9;object-fit:cover}
.row-img .tile{aspect-ratio:16/9}

/* feature panel */
.feature{position:relative;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--red);min-height:300px}
.feature-img{display:block;position:absolute;inset:0}
.feature-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}
.feature-img .tile{height:100%}
.feature-panel{position:relative;width:38%;min-width:280px;min-height:300px;background:var(--red);color:#fff;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:8px 0 0 8px}
.feature-panel .cat-w{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff}
.feature-panel h3{margin:10px 0 0;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.35);font-size:22px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}
.feature-panel h3 a{color:#fff}
.feature-panel p{margin:14px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.7;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:4;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}
.feature-panel a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#fff}

/* carousel */
.carousel{position:relative;margin-top:22px}
.car-track{display:flex;gap:20px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth;scrollbar-width:none;padding:2px 0 6px}
.car-track::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
.slide{flex:0 0 calc(25% - 15px);min-width:230px;scroll-snap-align:start}
.slide-img{display:block;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden}
.slide-img img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .4s}
.slide-img .tile{aspect-ratio:3/2}
.slide:hover .slide-img img{transform:scale(1.04)}
.slide h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:700;margin:12px 0 10px;line-height:1.35}
.slide-meta{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.03em;color:#444;text-transform:uppercase}
.slide-meta span,.slide-meta time{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:5px}
.slide-meta svg{color:var(--red)}
.car-btn{position:absolute;top:calc((100% - 90px) / 2 - 8px);z-index:2;width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:50%;border:0;background:var(--red);color:#fff;display:grid;place-items:center;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.3)}
.car-btn:hover{background:#a82a30}
.car-btn.prev{left:-12px}.car-btn.next{right:-12px}

/* newsletter banner */
.cta{margin-top:64px;background:linear-gradient(100deg,#cb353c 0%,#d4553a 45%,#dc8a35 100%);color:#fff;overflow:hidden}
.cta-in{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.2fr;gap:40px;align-items:center}
.cta-img{align-self:end;margin-left:-20px}
.cta-img img{width:100%;max-width:480px;height:auto;margin-top:36px}
.cta-body{padding:44px 0}
.cta-body h2{color:#fff;font-size:28px;font-weight:600;margin:0 0 10px;line-height:1.3}
.cta-body h2 span{color:#1a1a1a;font-weight:700}
.cta-body p{margin:0 0 20px;color:#fff;font-size:15px}
.cta .sub{max-width:none;margin:0;display:block}
.pill-field{display:flex;background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.45);border-radius:999px;padding:5px;max-width:560px}
.pill-field input{flex:1;min-width:0;background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;padding:10px 20px;font:inherit}
.pill-field input::placeholder{color:#fff;opacity:.9}
.pill-field input:focus-visible{outline:0}
.pill-field:focus-within{outline:3px solid #fff;outline-offset:2px}
.pill-field .btn{background:var(--red);border-radius:999px;padding:11px 28px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase}
.pill-field .btn:hover{background:#8f1f26}
.cta .sub small{display:block;margin-top:12px;color:#fff;font-size:12px}
.cta .form-status{color:#fff}

/* partners */
.partner-title{text-align:center;font-size:28px;font-weight:500;color:var(--ink);margin:64px 0 28px}
.partner-title span{color:var(--red)}
.partner-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:18px;margin:0 0 64px}
.partner-grid li{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:6px;padding:18px;display:grid;place-items:center;background:#fff}
.partner-grid img{width:100%;max-width:240px}

@media(max-width:960px){
.row{grid-template-columns:1fr 200px;gap:20px}.row p{grid-column:1/2;grid-row:2}.row-img{grid-column:2;grid-row:1/3}
.cta-in{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}.cta-img{order:2;margin:0 auto}.cta-img img{margin-top:0;max-width:360px}
.partner-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
}
@media(max-width:760px){
.sec{margin-top:40px}.sec-title{font-size:22px}
.row{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:16px 0}.row-img{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.row p{grid-column:1;grid-row:auto}
.feature{min-height:0}.feature-img{position:static;display:block}.feature-img img{aspect-ratio:16/10;height:auto}
.feature-panel{width:100%;min-height:0;border-radius:0 0 8px 8px}
.slide{flex-basis:70%}
.car-btn.prev{left:-6px}.car-btn.next{right:-6px}
.cta-body h2{font-size:22px}
}

/* Accessible reading, forms, zoom and complete article lists. */
.breadcrumbs{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px}
.breadcrumbs ol{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.breadcrumbs li+li::before{content:"/";padding-right:8px;color:var(--muted)}
.breadcrumbs a,.post p a,.article-toc a,.article-help a{ text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:.2em }
.article-toc{margin:28px 0;padding:20px;background:var(--band);border-left:3px solid var(--red)}
.article-toc h2{margin:0 0 12px;font-size:20px}
.article-toc ol{padding-left:24px;margin:0}
.article-toc li{margin:8px 0}
.post p,.post .bul{max-width:68ch}
.article-collection{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;margin:24px 0}
.article-collection .slide{min-width:0}
.grid4 h2{font-size:19px;margin:6px 0 8px}
.feature-panel p{display:block;overflow:visible}
.hero-main .card.big time{display:block}
.hero-main .card.big .cbody::after{content:none}
.cta{background:#91232c}
.cta-body h2 span{color:#fff}
.cta :focus-visible,.feature-panel :focus-visible{outline-color:#fff}
.pill-field input{background:#fff;color:#111;border-radius:999px}
.pill-field input::placeholder{color:#595959;opacity:1}
.btn,.pill,.car-btn{min-height:44px}
.search button{min-width:44px;min-height:44px}
.topbar .wrap{height:auto;min-height:48px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.main-nav ul{flex-wrap:wrap}
.navrow{flex-wrap:wrap}
h1,h2,h3,p,a{overflow-wrap:break-word}
.error-summary{padding:16px;border:2px solid #b3261e;margin-bottom:20px;background:#fff;color:#111}
.error-summary p{margin-top:0;font-weight:700}
.error-summary ul{list-style:disc;padding-left:22px}
.error-summary a{text-decoration:underline}
.field-error{display:block;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;color:#a02020;margin-top:6px}
[aria-invalid=true]{outline:2px solid #b3261e;outline-offset:2px}
:target{scroll-margin-top:24px}
.post h2:focus{outline:2px solid var(--red);outline-offset:4px}
@media(max-width:960px){.article-collection{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}
@media(max-width:760px){.article-collection{grid-template-columns:1fr}.brand{font-size:16px;margin-left:8px}.feature-panel{min-width:0}.sec-head{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.btn,.pill,.burger,.pill-field,.feature-panel,.error-summary{border:1px solid ButtonText}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid Highlight}}
.side h2{font-size:20px;font-weight:800;margin:6px 0}

.author-bio{max-width:720px;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 28px}
.meta a[rel=author]{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700;text-decoration:underline}